Mundzir, C. and Arif, M. 2025. The Historical Development of Hajj: From Pre-Islamic Rituals to a Global Islamic Institution. Al-Manasik: Journal of Hajj and Umrah Research. 1, 1 (Sep. 2025), 41–53. DOI:https://doi.org/10.68550/al-manasik.v1i1.5.